The meaning of the verb
The verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions что де́лать? (= what to do?) , что сде́лать? (= what to make?) :
- писа́ть (= to write) – написа́ть (= to write)
- эконо́мить (= to save) – сэконо́мить (= to save)
- рабо́тать (= to work) – порабо́тать (= to do some work)
This meaning is expressed in terms of aspect, voice, time, person and mood. In the sentence verbs act primarily as a predicate.
Undefined form of the verb (infinitive)
The verb has initial form which is called the infinitive:
This form doesn't show time, number, person and gender.
Verbs in the sentence act as predicate.
Verbs in the infinitive form answer the question что де́лать? (= what to do?) or что сде́лать? (= what to make?) :
Verbs in the infinitive form have aspect, transitivity, intransitivity and conjugation. Verbs in the indefinite form have inflectional suffixes:
| что де́лать? (= what to do?) | что сде́лать? (= what to make?) |
|---|---|
| suffix -ть | |
|
чита́ть
to read
|
прочита́ть
to read, to read through
|
|
возража́ть
to object
|
возрази́ть
to retort
|
|
реаги́ровать
to react
|
отреаги́ровать
to respond
|
| suffix -ти | |
|
ползти́
to crawl
|
приползти́
to crawl up
|
|
трясти́
to shake
|
вытрясти́
to shake out
|
|
расти́
to grow
|
подрасти́
grow a little
|
| zero ending ( -чь)* | |
|
бере́чь
to keep
|
сбере́чь
to keep
|
|
жечь
to burn
|
сжечь
to burn down
|
|
стричь
to cut
|
постри́чь
to cut
|
Notes
* In verbs ending on -чь ( печь (= to bake) , бере́чь (= to keep) , стере́чь (= to guard) ) -чь is not an ending but a part of the root (with a zero inflectional suffix) which is confirmed during conjugation of verbs:
- печь (= to bake) – печё́т (= (he) bakes)
- бере́чь (= to keep) – бережё́т (= (he) keeps)
- стере́чь (= to guard) – стережё́т (= (he) guards)
Verb aspect
Verbs can be imperfective (answer the question что де́лать? (= what to do?) ):
and perfective (answer the question что сде́лать? (= what to make?) ):
Verb of one aspect can correspond to a verb of another aspect with the same lexical meaning. These verbs form aspectual pair.
| The perfective aspect | The imperfective aspect |
|---|---|
|
писа́ть
to write
|
написа́ть
to write
|
|
объедини́ть
to unite
|
объединя́ться
to unite (become united)
|
|
дости́гнуть
to reach
|
достига́ть
to reach
|
|
отве́тить
to answer
|
отвеча́ть
to answer
|
|
купи́ть
to buy
|
покупа́ть
to buy
|
|
де́лать
to do
|
сде́лать
to make
|
When verbs of one aspect are formed from verbs of another aspect prefixes and / or suffixes are used.
Gradation of vowels and consonants in the root
The formation of verb aspect can be accompanied by the alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.
| Alternating sounds (vowels and consonants) | The perfective aspect | The imperfective aspect |
|---|---|---|
| о//а |
опозда́ть
to be late
|
опа́здывать
to be late
|
| е//и |
стере́ть
to erase
|
стира́ть
to erase
|
| о//ы |
вздохну́ть
to breathe
|
вздыха́ть
to sigh
|
| я//им |
поня́ть
to understand
|
понима́ть
to understand
|
| а//ин |
нача́ть
to begin
|
начина́ть
to begin
|
| д//ж |
проводи́ть
to spend, to pass (time)
|
провожа́ть
to accompany
|
| д//жд |
победи́ть
to win
|
побежда́ть
to win
|
| ж//г |
изложи́ть
to announce
|
излага́ть
to state
|
| т//ч |
отве́тить
to answer
|
отвеча́ть
to answer
|
| з//ж |
снизи́ть
to lower
|
снижа́ть
to lower
|
| м//мл |
утоми́ть
to tire
|
утомля́ть
to tire
|
| ст//щ |
прости́ть
to forgive
|
проща́ть
to forgive
|
| т//щ |
защити́ть
to protect
|
защища́ть
to protect
|
| с//ш |
упроси́ть
to blandish
|
упра́шивать
to beg
|
| п//пл |
укрепи́ть
to strengthen
|
укрепля́ть
to strengthen
|
Stress as a means of formation of aspectual pair
In rare cases aspectual forms differ from each other only in the place of stress.
| The perfective aspect | The imperfective aspect | |
|---|---|---|
| разре́зать (= to cut up) | разреза́ть (= to cut up) | |
|
я
|
разре́жу
|
разреза́ю
|
|
ты
|
разре́жешь
|
разреза́ешь
|
| он , она , оно |
разре́жет
|
разреза́ет
|
|
мы
|
разре́жем
|
разреза́ем
|
|
вы
|
разре́жете
|
разреза́ете
|
|
они
|
разре́жут
|
разреза́ют
|
| The perfective aspect | The imperfective aspect | |
|---|---|---|
| засы́пать (= to fill up) | засыпа́ть (= to fill up) | |
|
я
|
засы́плю
|
засыпа́ю
|
|
ты
|
засы́плешь
|
засыпа́ешь
|
| он , она , оно |
засы́плет
|
засыпа́ет
|
|
мы
|
засы́плем
|
засыпа́ем
|
|
вы
|
засы́плете
|
засыпа́ете
|
|
они
|
засы́плют
|
засыпа́ют
|
| The perfective aspect | The imperfective aspect | |
|---|---|---|
| отре́зать (= to cut off) | отреза́ть (= to cut off) | |
|
я
|
отре́жу
|
отреза́ю
|
|
ты
|
отре́жешь
|
отреза́ешь
|
| он , она , оно |
отре́жет
|
отреза́ет
|
|
мы
|
отре́жем
|
отреза́ем
|
|
вы
|
отре́жете
|
отреза́ете
|
|
они
|
отре́жут
|
отреза́ют
|
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Verbs are divided into transitive
- чита́ть газе́ту (= to read a newspaper )
- стро́ить дом (= to build a house )
and intransitive:
- ходи́ть по у́лице (= to walk on the street )
- расти́ бы́стро (= to grow fast)
- бе́гать в па́рке (= to run in a park)
- ра́доваться жи́зни (= to enjoy life )
Transitivity /intransitivity is a verbal category that expresses the relationship between the subject (the one who performs the action) and the object (the one to whom the action is directed).
The meaning of transitivity /intransitivity is that the subject performs an action and the result of it "appears" or "doesn't appear" on the subject -transit to it or doesn't transit.
Transitive verbs
Transitive verbs are the verbs that are combined or can be combined with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition:
- чита́ть газе́ту (= to read a newspaper )
- ви́деть сестру́ (= to see the sister )
- писа́ть текст (= to write a text )
Transitive verbs denote an action that transits to another object, for example:
This means the verb люби́ть (= to love) is transient.
The noun or pronoun appearing near the transient verb can be in the genitive case:
-
if negation appears near verb:
- Я написа́л (что?) текст. (= I wrote (what?) a text.)
- Я не написа́л (чего?) те́кста. (= I didn't wrote (what?) a text.)
- Учени́к вы́учил (что?) урок. (= The student learned (what?) the lesson.)
- Учени́к не вы́учил (чего?) уро́ка. (= The student didn't learn (what?) the lesson.)
-
If the action doesn't transit on the entire object but only on its part:
- вы́пил (что?) во́ду (= drank (what?) water)
- вы́пил (чего?) воды́ (= drank (what?) water)
- съел (что?) хлеб (= ate (what?) bread)
- съел (чего?) хле́ба (= (he) has eaten (what?) bread)
- купи́л (что?) молоко́ (= (he) has bought (what?) milk)
- купи́л (чего?) молока́ (= (he) has bought (what?) milk)
Intransitive verbs
The intransitive verbs are the verbs with the meaning of an action that doesn't imply an object to which this action is naturally directed. The intransitive verbs denote such action that doesn't directly transit to another object, for example:
- бе́гать на лы́жах (= to go skiing)
- купа́ться в мо́ре (= to swim in the sea )
- ра́доваться пода́рку (= to rejoice at the gift)
Reflexive verbs
Verbs with the suffix -ся (-сь) are called reflexive:
- учи́ть (= to teach) – учи́ться (= to study)
- встреча́ть (= to meet) – встреча́ться (= to meet with)
- умыва́ть (= to wash) – умыва́ться (= to wash yourself)
Some verbs can be reflexive and nonreflexive:
- причё́сывать (= to comb) – причё́сываться (= to comb one’s hair)
- купа́ть (= to bath) – купа́ться (= to bath)
other can be only reflexive (they're not used without the suffix -ся ):
The suffix -ся can be after consonants:
and the suffix -сь сan be after the vowels:
Grammatical mood of verb
Verbs change by mood. There is the indicative mood, the conditional mood and the imperative mood .
Indicative mood
The indicative mood expresses a real action that has taken place, is happening or will occur in the past, present and future. The verb in the indicative mood changes according to tenses:
| Present tense | Past tense | Future tense |
|---|---|---|
|
строю
(I) build
|
стро́ил
(I) built
|
бу́ду стро́ить
(I) will built
|
In the indicative mood imperfective verbs have three tenses:
| Present tense | Past tense | Future complex |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Perfective verb have two tenses:
| Past tense | Future simple |
|---|---|
|
|
|
|
Conditional mood
In the conditional mood the verb denotes an action that can occur under certain conditions:
- сде́лал бы (= (he) would make )
- принё́с бы (= (he) would bring)
The form of the conditional mood includes the verb in past tense and the particle бы which is written separately from the verb and can appear anywhere in the simple sentence.
Verbs in the conditional mood change by numbers and in the singular - by genders.
| Infinitive | The conditional mood of the verb | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
|
чита́ть
to read
|
|
чита́ли бы
|
Imperative Mood (imperative)
The imperative mood expresses the motivation for action in the form of a request or order:
- иди́ в шко́лу (= to go to school) , иди́те в шко́лу (= go to school)
- встань пора́ньше (= to get up early) , вста́ньте пора́ньше (= get up early)
The verb in the imperative mood doesn't change according to tenses.
Verbs in the imperative mood are usually used in the form of the second person:
- прочита́й кни́гу (= read a book)
- посмотри́ на у́лицу (= look at the street)
Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the stem of the present or future simple tense by adding the suffix -и-: пиши́ (= write) , неси́ (= carry) or zero suffix: чита́й (= read) , познако́мь (= meet) .
Verbs in the imperative mood in the singular have a zero ending and in the plural the ending -те.
| Present and future simple tenses | The imperative mood of the verb | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
|
пи́шут
(they) write
|
пиши́
write
|
пиши́те
write
|
|
чита́ют
(they) read
|
чита́й
read
|
чита́йте
read
|
|
несу́т
(they) carry
|
неси́
carry
|
неси́те
carry
|
|
реша́ют
(they) solve
|
реши́
solve
|
реши́те
solve
|
|
познако́мят
will meet
|
познако́мь
meet
|
познако́мьте
meet
|
|
беру́, беру́сь
(I) take
|
бери́, бери́сь
take
|
бери́те, бери́тесь
take
|
The imperative mood can also be formed by adding particles пусть (= let) , пуска́й (= let) to the verbs in the indicative mood of the present time :
- пусть чита́ет (= let (him) read)
- пусть идёт (= let (him) go)
Verb tense
Time is a non-permanent sign of the verb indicating the time of the action in relation to the moment of speech about it. In Russian the conjugated forms of the verb are represented by three tenses: present, past and future.
| Present tense | Past tense | Future tense | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| simple | compound | |||
|
я
|
говорю́
(I) say
|
говори́л
(I) said
|
бу́ду говори́ть
(I) will say
|
|
|
ты
|
говори́шь
|
говори́ла
|
бу́дешь говори́ть
|
|
| оно |
говори́т
|
говори́ло
|
бу́дет говори́ть
|
|
|
мы
|
говори́м
|
говори́ли
|
бу́дем говори́ть
|
|
|
вы
|
говори́те
|
говори́ли
|
бу́дете говори́ть
|
|
|
они
|
говоря́т
|
говори́ли
|
бу́дут говори́ть
|
|
|
я
|
пишу́
I write
|
написа́л
(I) wrote
|
напишу́
(I) will have written
|
бу́ду писа́ть
(I) will write
|
Present time
The present tense shows that the action takes place at the moment of speech. It appears only in verbs of imperfective form and is formally expressed by the personal endings of the verb:
- чита́ю (= (I) read)
- чита́ешь (= (you) read)
- чита́ет (= (he )reads)
- чита́ем (= (we) read)
- чита́ете (= (you) read)
- чита́ют (= (they) read)
Verbs in the present tense change by person and number.
| Number | Person | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Singular |
я
|
чита́ю (= (I) read) , иду́ (= (I) walk) , стро́ю (= (I) build) , держу́ (= (I) hold) |
| ты | чита́ешь (= (you) read) , идё́шь (= (you) walk) , стро́ишь (= (you ) build) , де́ржишь (= (you) hold) | |
| он , она , оно | чита́ет (= (he )reads) , идё́т (= (he) walks) , стро́ит (= (he) builds) , де́ржит (= (he) holds) | |
| Plural | мы | чита́ем (= (we) read) , идё́м (= (we) walk) , стро́им (= (we) build) , де́ржим (= (we) hold) |
| вы | чита́ете (= (you) read) , идё́те (= (you) walk) , стро́ите (= (you) build) , де́ржите (= (you) hold) | |
| они | чита́ют (= (they) read) , иду́т (= (they) walk) , стро́ят (= (they) build) , де́ржат (= (they) hold) |
Past time
The past tense shows that the action took place before the moment of speech. Verbs in the past tense are formed from the infinitive by adding the suffix -л-:
- стро́ить (= to build) , стро́ил (= (he) built) , стро́ила (= (she) built) , стро́или (= (they) built)
- рабо́тать (= to work) , рабо́тал (= (he) worked) , рабо́тала (= (she) worked) , рабо́тали (= (they) worked)
Verbs in indefinite form ending on -чь, -ти, -нуть (verbs of imperfective aspect) form the forms of the past tense of the singular masculine gender without the suffix -л-:
- бере́чь (= to keep) , берёг (= (he) kept) , берегла́ (= (she) kept)
- нести́ (= to carry) , нёс (= (he) carried) , несла́ (= (she) carried)
- печь (= to bake) , пёк (= (he) baked) , пекла́ (= (she) baked)
- со́хнуть (= to dry) , сох (= ( it was) drying) , со́хла (= ( she was) drying)
Notes
* From the verb идти́ (= to go) in the past tense шёл (= ( he) walked) , шла (= ( she) walked) , шли (= ( they) walked) ; from the verb найти́ (= to find) in the past tense нашёл (= ( he) found) , нашла (= ( she) found) , нашли (= (they) found) ; from the verb расти́ (= to grow) - рос (= (he) grew) , росла́ (= (she) grew) , росло́ (= (it) grew) , росли́ (= (they) grew) .
Verbs in the past tense change by numbers: рассказал (= (he) told) , рассказали (= (they) told) , and in the singular - by genders. In the plural the verbs in the past tense do not change by persons.
| Gender | Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | я , ты , он |
чита́л
|
мы , вы , они |
чита́ли
|
| Feminine | она |
чита́ла
|
мы , вы , они |
чита́ли
|
| Neuter | оно |
чита́ло
|
мы , вы , они |
чита́ли
|
Future time
The future tense shows that the action will occur after the moment of speech. The future tense has two forms: simple and compound.
The form of the future compound tense of imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verb быть and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb: бу́ду чита́ть (= (I) will read) , бу́ду рабо́тать (= (I) will work) .
The future simple tense : прочита́ю (= (I) will have read) is formed from perfective form of the verbs , the future compound tense: бу́ду чита́ть (= (I) will read) is formed from perfective form of the verbs.
| The imperfective aspect | The perfective aspect | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Future compound | Future simple | ||
| I conjugation | II conjugation | ||
|
я
|
бу́ду чита́ть
(I) will read
|
прочита́ю
(I) will have read
|
посмотрю́
( I) will look
|
|
ты
|
бу́дешь чита́ть
(you) will read
|
прочита́ешь
(you) will read
|
посмо́тришь
( you) will look
|
| он , она , оно |
бу́дет чита́ть
(he) will read
|
прочита́ет
(he) will read
|
посмо́трит
( he) will look
|
|
мы
|
бу́дем чита́ть
(we) will read
|
прочита́ем
(we) will read
|
посмо́трим
( we) will look
|
|
вы
|
бу́дете чита́ть
(you ) will read
|
прочита́ете
(you) will read
|
посмо́трите
( you) will look
|
|
они
|
бу́дут чита́ть
( they) will read
|
прочита́ют
( they) will read
|
посмо́трят
( they) will look
|
Verb base
All verb forms are formed from two types of verbal stem:
- from the infinitive stem or the past tense,
- from the stem of the present tense.
The base of the infinitive (the base of the verb in past tense)
The stem of the infinitive (the stem of the past tense) is singled out by separating the suffix ть, -ти for the infinitive form and -ла for the past tense forms: исправля́-ть (= to correct) (imperfective verb), испра́ви-ть (= to correct) (perfective verb), испра́ви-ла (= ( she) corrected) (verb of past tense).
The verb base in present and future time
The stem of the present tense appears in imperfective verbs; the stem of the future tense appears in the perfective form of the verbs. The stems of the present and future tense are singled out in the form of the third person plural by separating the endings -ут / -ют, -ат / -ят:
- исправля́ют (= (they) correct) – the stem of the present tense is formed from the verb исправля́ть (= to correct) (imperfective form of the verb),
- испра́вят (= (they) will correct) – the stem of the future tense is formed from the verb испра́вить (= to correct) (perfective form of the verb).
Verb conjugation
Conjugation of verbs is a change of verbs by persons and numbers. During the conjugation the endings of the verbs changes. There 're two types of conjugation: I conjugation and II conjugation. Endings of I and II of conjugation are called personal endings of the verb.
| Person | I conjugation | II conjugation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1 | -у / -ю | -ем | -у / -ю | -им |
| 2 | -ешь | -ете | -ишь | -ите |
| 3 | -ет | -ут / -ют | -ит | -ат / -ят |
Verb classes
Depending on the relationship between the stems of the infinitive and the present tense, and also depending on the type of conjugation, all verbs are divided into classes.
Classes of verbs are groups of verbs belonging to the same type of conjugation and characterized by the identical formal relationship of the stems of the present and past tense. Classes of the verb can be productive and nonproductive (non-productive groups).
Productive classes of verb
Productive classes are classes with such a relationship of inflectional stems which are typical for newly formed verbs in the language. Productive classes are constantly replenished with new verbs.
There're 5 productive classes of the verb. Verbs of the1st-4th class refer to I conjugation, verbs of the 5th class refer to II conjugation.
| 1 class |
verbs with the stem of the infinitive ending on -а- and the stem of the present tense ending on -аj-
|
|---|---|
| 2 class |
verbs with the stem of the infinitive ending on -е- and the stem of the present tense ending on -еj-
|
| 3 class |
verbs with the stem of the infinitive ending on -ова- / -ева- and the stem of the present tense ending on -уj-
|
| 4 class |
verbs with the stem of the infinitive ending on -ну- and the stem of the present tense ending on -н-
|
| 5 class |
verbs with the stem of the infinitive ending on -и- and the stem of the present tense ending on a soft consonant or hushing sound
|
Non-productive classes of verb
Nonproductive groups are classes with such a relationship of inflectional stems on the basis of which new verbs are not created. Nonproductive groups can include both single verbs and hundreds of verbs.
12 non-productive groups of verbs are singled out:
- дава́ть (= to give) - даю́т (= ( they) give)
- ждать (= to wait) - жду́т (= (they) wait)
- писа́ть (= to write) - пи́шут (= (they) write)
- петь (= to sing) - пою́т (= (they) sing)
- мочь (= be able to) - мо́гут (= (they) can)
- идти́ (= to go) - иду́т (= ( they) go)
- éxать (= to go) - е́дут (= (they) go)
- хоте́ть (= to want) - хотя́т (= (they) want)
- брать (= to take) - беру́т (= ( they) take)
- жить (= to live) - живу́т (= (they) live)
- пить (= to drink) - пьют (= ( they) drink)
- есть (= to eat) - едя́т (= ( they) eat)
| дава́ть (= to give) | |
|---|---|
|
я
|
даю́
|
|
ты
|
даё́шь
|
| он , она , оно |
даё́т
|
|
мы
|
даё́м
|
|
вы
|
даё́те
|
|
они
|
даю́т
|
| ждать (= to wait) | |
|---|---|
|
я
|
жду
|
|
ты
|
ждёшь
|
| он , она , оно |
ждёт
|
|
мы
|
ждём
|
|
вы
|
ждё́те
|
|
они
|
ждут
|
| писа́ть (= to write) | |
|---|---|
|
я
|
пишу́
|
|
ты
|
пи́шешь
|
| он , она , оно |
пи́шет
|
|
мы
|
пи́шем
|
|
вы
|
пи́шете
|
|
они
|
пи́шут
|
| петь (= to sing) | |
|---|---|
|
я
|
пою́
|
|
ты
|
поё́шь
|
| он , она , оно |
поё́т
|
|
мы
|
поё́м
|
|
вы
|
поё́те
|
|
они
|
пою́т
|
| мочь (= be able to) | |
|---|---|
|
я
|
могу́
|
|
ты
|
мо́жешь
|
| он , она , оно |
мо́жет
|
|
мы
|
мо́жем
|
|
вы
|
мо́жете
|
|
они
|
мо́гут
|
| идти́ (= to go) | |
|---|---|
|
я
|
иду́
|
|
ты
|
идё́шь
|
| он , она , оно |
идё́т
|
|
мы
|
идё́м
|
|
вы
|
идё́те
|
|
они
|
иду́т
|
| éxать (= to go) | |
|---|---|
|
я
|
е́ду
|
|
ты
|
е́дешь
|
| он , она , оно |
е́дет
|
|
мы
|
е́дем
|
|
вы
|
е́дете
|
|
они
|
е́дут
|
| хоте́ть (= to want) | |
|---|---|
|
я
|
хочу́
|
|
ты
|
хо́чешь
|
| он , она , оно |
хо́чет
|
|
мы
|
хоти́м
|
|
вы
|
хоти́те
|
|
они
|
хотя́т
|
| брать (= to take) | |
|---|---|
|
я
|
беру́
|
|
ты
|
берё́шь
|
| он , она , оно |
берё́т
|
|
мы
|
берё́м
|
|
вы
|
берё́те
|
|
они
|
беру́т
|
| жить (= to live) | |
|---|---|
|
я
|
живу́
|
|
ты
|
живё́шь
|
| он , она , оно |
живё́т
|
|
мы
|
живё́м
|
|
вы
|
живё́те
|
|
они
|
живу́т
|
| пить (= to drink) | |
|---|---|
|
я
|
пью
|
|
ты
|
пьёшь
|
| он , она , оно |
пьёт
|
|
мы
|
пьём
|
|
вы
|
пьё́те
|
|
они
|
пьют
|
| есть (= to eat) | |
|---|---|
|
я
|
ем
|
|
ты
|
ешь
|
| он , она , оно |
ест
|
|
мы
|
еди́м
|
|
вы
|
еди́те
|
|
они
|
едя́т
|
Verbs of motion
We single out 14 main pairs of verbs denoting the movement:
- идти́ (= to go) - ходи́ть (= to walk)
- бежа́ть (= to run) - бе́гать (= to run)
- éxать (= to go by) - е́здить (= to go by)
- лете́ть (= to fly) - лета́ть (= to fly)
- плыть (= to swim) - пла́вать (= to swim)
- тащи́ть (= to drag) - таска́ть (= to drag)
- кати́ть (= to roll) - ката́ть (= to ride)
- нести́ (= to carry) - носи́ть (= to carry)
- вести́ (= to drive) - води́ть (= to drive)
- везти́ (= to drive) - вози́ть (= to drive)
- ползти́ (= to crawl) - по́лзать (= to crawl)
- лезть (= to climb) - ла́зить/ла́зать (= to climb)
- брести́ (= to stroll) - броди́ть (= to stroll)
- гнать (= to drive) - гоня́ть (= to drive)
The most frequent verbs of motion:
Verbs of motion with and without prefixes
The most frequent verbal prefixes include по-, при-, у-, вы- and в-.
| Prefix | The main meaning of the prefix | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| по- | beginning of the movement | понести́ (= to carry) , повезти́ (= to drive) |
| при- | bringing the movement to the final point | приéxать (= to come,) , принести́ (= to bring) |
| у- | the leave from somebody, something, from somewhere | уйти́ (= to go away) , улете́ть (= to fly away) |
| вы- | motion directed inside out | вы́нести (= to take out) , вы́exать (= to go out) |
| в- | motion directed inside something | входи́ть (= to come in ) , внести́ (= to bring in) |
| Prefixless verbs | Prefixal verbs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| по- | при- | у- | вы- | в-/во- | |
|
идти́
to go
|
пойти́
to go to
|
прийти́
to come
|
уйти́
to go away
|
вы́йти
to exit
|
войти́
to come in
|
|
ходи́ть
to walk
|
походи́ть
to walk for a while
|
приходи́ть
to come
|
уходи́ть
go away
|
выходи́ть
to exit
|
входи́ть
to come in
|
|
е́хать
to go by
|
поéxать**
to go on
|
приéxать
to come
|
уéxать
to leave
|
вы́exать
to go out
|
въéxать
to move in
|
|
е́здить
to go by
|
пое́здить
to travel about a little
|
- | - | - | - |
|
лете́ть
to fly
|
полете́ть
to fly
|
прилете́ть
to fly
|
улете́ть
to fly away
|
вы́лететь
to set out
|
влете́ть
to fly into
|
|
лета́ть
to fly
|
полета́ть
to fly
|
прилета́ть
to fly
|
улета́ть
to fly away
|
вылета́ть
to set out
|
влета́ть
to fly into
|
|
нести́
to carry
|
понести́
to carry
|
принести́
to bring
|
унести́
to carry away
|
вы́нести
to tolerate
|
внести́
to bring in
|
|
носи́ть
to carry
|
поноси́ть
to carry
|
приноси́ть
to bring
|
уноси́ть
to carry away
|
выноси́ть
to tolerate
|
вноси́ть
to bring in
|
|
везти́
to drive
|
повезти́
to drive
|
привезти́
to bring
|
увезти́
to take away
|
вы́везти
to take out
|
ввезти́
to bring in
|
|
вози́ть
to drive
|
повози́ть
to drive
|
привози́ть
to bring
|
увози́ть
to take away
|
вывози́ть
to take out
|
ввози́ть
to bring in
|